What is Yoga?
The word yoga is often interpreted as "union" or a
method of discipline from the Sanskrit word "yuj" (to yoke or bind).
A male practitioner is called a yogi, a female practitioner, a yogini.
The Postures ....
The contemporary western approach to yoga is not based on
any particular belief or religion, however Yoga does has its roots in Hinduism
and Brahmanism. Yoga was developed by seers or ascetics living primarily in the
southern parts of India. The seers observed nature and lived as close as they
could to the earth, studying the many aspects of nature, the animals and
themselves. By observing and emulating the different postures and habits of the
animal kingdom they were able to develop grace, strength and wisdom.
It was through these very disciplined lives that the
practice of the yoga postures were developed. It was necessary to develop a series
of postures to keep the body lithe and able to endure long periods of stillness
when in meditation.
The Writings ....
Brahmanism dates back to containing sacred scriptures called
"the Vedas". These scriptures contained instructions and
incantations. It was in the oldest text "Rg-Veda" from the scriptures
that the word Yoga first appeared, this was nearly 5000 years ago. The fourth
text called "Atharva-Veda" contains mainly spells for magical rites
and health cures many of which use medicinal plants. This text provided the
average person with the spells and incantations to use in their everyday life
and this practice of "Veda" can still be seen in the streets of India
today.
The Bhagavad-Gita, another ancient work on spiritual life
describes itself as a yoga treatise, although it uses the word Yoga as a
spiritual means. It was from this literature that Patanjali's "eight limbs
of yoga" were developed. Yoga Sutra's are primarily concerned with
developing the "nature of the mind" and I will explain more of this
in the next section.
The Breadth ....
The vratyas, a group of fertility priests who worshipped
Rudra, god of the wind would attempt to imitate the sound of the wind through
their singing. They found that they could produce the sound through the control
of their breath and through this practice of breath control was formed
"Pranayama". Pranayama is the practice of breath control in yoga.
The Paths ....
The Upanishads, which are the sacred revelations of ancient
Hinduism developed the two disciplines of karma yoga, the path of action and
jnana yoga, the path of knowledge. The paths were developed to help the student
liberate from suffering and eventually gain enlightenment.
The teaching from the Upanishads differed from that of the
Vedas. The Vedas demanded external offerings to the gods in order to have an
abundant, happy life. The Upanishads through the practice of Karma yoga focused
on the internal sacrifice of the ego in order to liberate from suffering.
Instead of the sacrifice of crops and animals (external) it was the sacrifice
of the inner ego that would become the basic philosophy, thus yoga became known
as the path of renunciation.
Yoga shares some characteristics also with Buddhism that can
be traced back through history. During the sixth century B.C., Buddhism also
stresses the importance of Meditation and the practice of physical postures.
Siddharta Gautama was the first Buddhist to actually study Yoga.
What is Yoga Sutra and how did the Philosophy of Yoga
develop?
Yoga Sutra is a compilation of 195 statements which
essentially provide an ethical guide for living a moral life and incorporating
the science of yoga into it. An Indian sage called Patanjali was believed to
have collated this over 2000 years ago and it has become the cornerstone for
classical yoga philosophy.
The word sutra means literally "a thread" and is
used to denote a particular form of written and oral communication. Because of
the brusque style the sutras are written in the student must rely on a guru to
interpret the philosophy contained within each one. The meaning within each of
the sutras can be tailored to the student's particular needs.
The Yoga Sutra is a system of yoga however there is not a
single description of a posture or asana in it! Patanjali developed a guide for
living the right life. The core of his teachings is the "eightfold path of
yoga" or "the eight limbs of Patanjali" . These are Patanjali's
suggestions for living a better life through yoga.
Posture and breath control, the two fundamental practices of
yoga are described as the third and fourth limbs in Patanjali's eight-limbed
path to self-realisation. The third practice of the postures make up today's
modern yoga. When you join a yoga class you may find that is all you need to
suit your lifestyle.
The eight limbs of yoga
1. The yamas (restraints),
These are like "Morals" you live your life by:
Your social conduct:
o Nonviolence (ahimsa) - To not hurt a living creature
o Truth and honesty (satya) - To not lie
o Nonstealing (asteya) - To not steal
o Nonlust (brahmacharya) - avoid meaningless sexual
encounters - moderation in sex and all things.
o Nonpossessiveness or non-greed (aparigraha) - don't hoard,
free yourself from greed and material desires
2. niyamas (observances),
These are how we treat ourselves, our inner discipline:
o Purity (shauca). Achieving purity through the practice of
the five Yamas. Treating your body as a temple and looking after it.
o Contentment (santosha). Find happiness in what you have
and what you do. Take responsibility for where you are, seek happiness in the
moment and choose to grow.
o Austerity (tapas): Develop self discipline. Show
discipline in body, speech, and mind to aim for a higher spiritual purpose.
o Study of the sacred text (svadhyaya). Education. Study
books relevant to you which inspire and teach you.
o Living with an awareness of the Divine
(ishvara-pranidhana). Be devoted to whatever is your god or whatever you see as
the divine.
3. asana (postures) -
These are the postures of yoga:
o To create a supple body in order to sit for a lengthy time
and still the mind. If you can control the body you can also control the mind.
Patanjali and other ancient yogis used asana to prepare the body for
meditation.
Just the practice of the yoga postures can benefit one's
health. It can be started at any time and any age. As we grow older we stiffen,
do you remember the last time you may have squatted down to pick something up
and how you felt? Imagine as you age into your fifties, sixties, seventies and
on being able to still touch your toes or balance on one leg. Did you know that
the majority of injuries sustained by the elderly are from falls? We tend to
lose our balance as we grow older and to practice something that will help this
is surely a benefit.
The fourth limb, breath control is a good vehicle to use if
you are interested in learning meditation and relaxation.......
4. pranayama (breathing) - the control of breath:
inhalation, retention of breath, and exhalation
o The practice of breathing makes it easier to concentrate
and meditate. Prana is the energy that exists everywhere, it is the life force
that flows through each of us through our breath.
5. pratyahara (withdrawal of senses),
o Pratyahara is a withdrawal of the senses. It occurs during
meditation, breathing exercises, or the practice of yoga postures. When you
master Pratyahara you will be able to focus and concentrate and not be
distracted by outward sensory.
6. dharana (concentration), - teaching the mind to focus.
o When concentrating there is no sense of time. The aim is
to still the mind e.g. fixing the mind on one object and pushing any thoughts.
True dharana is when the mind can concentrate effortlessly.
7. Dhyani (meditation), - the state of meditation
o Concentration (dharana) leads to the state of meditation.
In meditation, one has a heightened sense of awareness and is one with the
universe. It is being unaware of any distractions.
8. samadhi (absorption), - absolute bliss
o Absolute bliss is the ultimate goal of meditation. This is
a state of union with yourself and your god or the devine, this is when you and
the universe are one.
All eight limbs work together: The first five are about the
body and brain- yama, niyama asana, pranayama, and pratyahara - these are the
foundations of yoga and provide a platform for a spiritual life. The last three
are about reconditioning the mind. They were developed to help the practitioner
to attain enlightenment or oneness with Spirit.
How do you choose the type of yoga right for you?
The type of yoga you choose to practice is entirely an
individual preference and thus why we are looking into here to help you start.
Some types hold the postures longer, some move through them quicker. Some
styles focus on body alignment, others differ in the rhythm and selection of
postures, meditation and spiritual realization. All are adaptable to the
student's physical situation.
You therefore need to determine what Yoga style by your
individual psychological and physical needs. You may just want a vigorous
workout, want to focus on developing your flexibility or balance. Do you want
more focus on meditation or just the health aspects? Some schools teach
relaxation, some focus on strength and agility, and others are more aerobic.
I suggest you try a few different classes in your area. I
have noticed that even between teachers within a certain style, there can be
differences in how the student enjoys the class. It is important to find a
teacher that you feel comfortable with to truly enjoy and therefore create
longevity in what you practice.
Once you start learning the postures and adapting them for
your body you may feel comfortable to do practice at home as well! All yoga
types have sequences that can be practiced to work different parts of your
body. To A fifteen minute practice in the morning may be your start to the day.
Your body will feel strong and lithe within no time and with knowledge, the
choice is there for you to develop your own routines.
The Major Systems of Yoga
The two major systems of yoga are Hatha and Yoga Raja Yoga.
Raja yoga is based on the "Eight Limbs of Yoga" developed by
Pananjali in the Yoga Sutras. Raja is part of the classical Indian System of
Hindu Philosophy.
Hatha yoga, also Hatha vidya is a particular system of Yoga
founded by Swatmarama, a yogic sage of the 15th centry in India. Swatmarama
compiled the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika", which introduced the system of
Hatha Yoga. Hatha yoga is derived from a number of different traditions. It
comes from the traditions of Buddhism which include the Hinayana (narrow path)
and Mahayana (great path). It also comes from the traditions of Tantra which
include Sahajayana (spontaneous path) and Vajrayana (concerning matters of sexuality).
Within Hatha yoga there are various branches or styles of yoga. This form of
yoga works through the physical medium of the body using postures, breathing
exercises and cleansing practices.
The Hatha Yoga of Swatmarama differs from the Raja Yoga of
Patanjali in that it focuses on Shatkarma, "the purification of the
physical" as a path leading to "purification of the mind" and
"vital energy". Patanjali begins with "purification of the mind
and spirit" and then "the body" through postures and breath.
The Major Schools of Yoga
There are approximately forty-four major schools of Yoga and
many others which also lay claim to being Yogic. Some of the major schools are
Raja Yoga and Hatha Yoga (as mentioned above). There are also Pranayama Yoga
and Kundalini Yoga which stem from Hatha. Jnana, Karma, Bhakti, Astanga and
Iyengar stem from Raja.
The Yoga Styles that stem from Hatha include:
Pranayama Yoga
The word pranayama means prana, energy and ayama, stretch.
Breath regulation, prolongation, expansion, length, stretch and control
describes the action of pranayama yoga. Some Pranayama breath controls are
included in the Hatha Yoga practices of a general nature (to correct breathing
difficulties).
This school of yoga is entirely built around the concept of
Prana (life's energy). There are about 99 different postures of which a lot of
these are based around or similar to physical breathing exercises.
Pranayama also denotes cosmic power, or the power of the
entire universe which manifests itself as conscious living being in us through
the phenomenon of breathing.
Kundalini Yoga
Kundalini yoga is in the tradition of Yogi Bhajan who
brought the style to the west in 1969. It is a highly spiritual approach to
hatha yoga involving chanting, meditation, breathing techniques all used to
raise the kundalini energy which is located at the base of the spine.
The Yoga Styles that stem from Raja include:
Raja Yoga/Ashtanga Yoga
Raja means royal or kingly. It is based on directing one's
life force to bring the mind and emotions into balance. By doing so the
attention can then be focused on the object of the meditation, namely the
Devine. Raja Yoga or Ashtanga Yoga is one of the four major Yogic paths of
Hinduism. The others are Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Bhakti Yoga. Raja or
Ashtanga are derived from the "eight limbs of Yoga" philosophy
composed by Patanjali.
Power Yoga
Power Yoga has been devised through the teachings of Sri K.
Pattabhi Jois, a renowned Sanskrit scholar who inspired Western Yogis with his Ashtanga
Yoga Style and philosophies. It is therefore often referred to as the western
version of India's Ashtanga yoga.
Power yoga is vigorous and athletic and is therefore very
popular with men. It works with the student's mental attitude and perspective
and incorporates the eight limbs of yoga into practice.
Jnana Yoga
Jnana (sometimes spelled "Gnana") means wisdom and
a Jnani is a wise man. Sometimes referred to as the" yogi of
discernment".
This form of yoga focuses on studying inner life and adhyatmic
subjects, the practice of certain relaxations and contemplative, meditative
kriyas. The main purpose of jnana meditation is to withdraw the mind and
emotions from perceiving life and oneself in a deluded way so that one may
behold and live in attunement with reality or spirit. This form of yoga focuses
on meditation to work
towards transformation and enlightenment.
Karma Yoga
Karma means "action". Karma yoga is based around
the discipline of action based on the teachings of Bhagavad Gita, a holy scripture
of Hinduism. This yoga of selfless service focuses on the adherence to duty
(dharma) while remaining detached from the reward. Karma is the sum total of
our acts, both in the present life and in the preceding births.
Bhakti Yoga
Bhaki yoga has many phases to it's practice. Bhaki means
"devotion" and Guna Bhaki is to worship according to your nature. A
practitioner of Bhakta Yoga is not limited to any one culture or religious
denomination, the approach is more to the inner life rather than the wholly devotional.
The self within worships the self of the universal nature.
Bhaki yoga is the state of being in contact with our
existence and being and the existence and being of all things. It doesn't
matter if you believe in something or you don't the only quality is the
openness to the mind and heart, unexpected and unknown.
Those who have read about Quantum physics where each and
every atom in the universe is connected to the underlying reality will be able
to liken this to the philosophy behind Bhaki yoga.
Iyengar Yoga
Iyengar Yoga was developed in India by B.K.S Iyengar, born
14th December, 1918. At the age of 16, he was introduced to yoga by his Guru
Sri T. Krishnamacharya. Iyengar Yoga is now one of the most popular styles
practiced in the west.
Instructors are very knowledgeable about the anatomy and
precise body place for each posture. There is less focus on pranayama or
breathing techniques and mediation and thus why the practice is popular in the
west.
Iyengar Yoga emphasizes more on the correct placement of the
feet to ensure the spine and the hips are in alignment. Iyengar has developed
many different props and techniques to cater for individuals in their practice.
Other Styles
Integral Yoga or Purna Yoga
Integral yoga is a yoga of synthesis, harmonizing the paths
of karma, jnana and bhakti yogas. It was developed by Swami Satchidananda.
It is also considered a synthesis between Vedanta (Indian
system of philosophy) and Tantra (Asian beliefs and practices using the
principle that the divine energy creates and maintains the universe,
channelling the energy within the human microcosm). It also been explained as a
synthesis between Eastern and Western approaches to spirituality.
Postures are gentler than other forms of yoga and classes
normally end with extended periods of deep relaxation, breathing and
meditation. Integral Yoga is an all round approach to hatha yoga.
Sivananda Yoga
Sivananda yoga offers a gentle approach. It includes
meditation, chanting and deep relaxation in each session. Students are
encouraged to be healthy which includes being vegetarian.
Bikrams Yoga
Bikrams yoga was founded by Bikram Choudhury who was taught
by Bishni Ghosh the brother of Paramahansa Yogananda. Bikrams Yoga is taught
generally in a room the temperature set between 95 and 105 degrees.
The heat helps soften the muscles and ligaments. There are
approximately 26 postures and this yoga produces a real workout because of the
heat is quite intense. This yoga therefore places more emphasis on the physical
performance of the postures, not the sides of relaxation and meditation.
Some of the Great Teachers...
All styles share a common lineage. The founders of two of
the major styles of yoga Raja/Ashtanga and Avenger were all students of the
same great teacher named Krishnamacharya.
Shri T. Krishnamacharya,was born in the village of
Muchukunte, Karnataka State, in 1888. His formal Education, largely in
Sanskrit, included Degrees from several universities in North India. He studied
for seven years under a distinguished yogi in western Tibet: Rama Mohana
Brahmachari who instructed him the therapeutic use of asanas & pranayama.
Then he returned to South India and established a school of yoga in the palace
of the Maharajah of Mysore. He passed away at the age of 101 years in 1988.
Integral Yoga and Sivananda Yoga were also founded by
students of another great teacher named Sivananda. Swami Sivananda Saraswati
was born Kuppuswamy in Pattamadai, Tamil Nadu, India. A Hindu by birth, he is a
well-known proponent of yoga and vedanta (a principal branch of Hindu
philosophy).
He is reputed to have written over 300 books, on these and
related subjects, during his life. In 1936 he founded the new religious
movement "The Divine Life Society" on the bank of the holy Ganges
River. He died on the 14th July, 1963.
So which type is right for you?
These are not all the types of yoga available, however you
can see from the short explanations of each that Yoga practice can differ
dramatically. Each one makes use of the physical postures and breathing to
strengthen the body for meditation, an inherent part of yoga practice.
This is where it is important for the student to understand
what they want out of their yoga practice and choose a style which will cater
for this. If you try one and don't think it is physical enough, try another as
it will be totally different. If you start one that is too demanding than again
switch around until you find the practice for you.
Some of us want to just work on body and some want more
focus on a method of searching for self realisation, whatever the reason I am
sure there are enough styles out their and more developing each day to cater
for our needs.
You are never too old to start yoga, I have met people in
their seventies starting for the first time and experiencing life changing
affects. If you've ever sat and watched your cat or dog awake in the morning
what is the first thing they do? stretch. If we stop for just a moment and
watch what we can learn from nature and the animal kingdom we will realize that
just the simple act of stretching has been lost somewhere through our
evolution.
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